For example, dogs with symmetric lupoid onychitis (SLO) start with onycholysis, rapidly progress to onychomadesis, and then end up with chronic onychodystrophy or onychomalacia. It is often better to focus on the early signs of disease. Those that involve several or all claws on all feet are defined as symmetric and are usually associated with systemic disease, infection secondary to systemic disease, autoimmune or immune-mediated disease, nutritional or congenital diseases. Inflammatory diseases that involve the dermoepidermal junction may weaken this junction and manifest as sloughing of the claw plate (onychomadesis).ĭiseases that affect one claw or multiple claws on one foot are defined as asymmetric and tend to be traumatic or due to infections (bacterial or fungal) or neoplasia. ![]() Permanent damage to the matrix will result in permanent morphologic changes. Abnormal curvatures may be produced by asymmetric growth patterns. Onychorrhexis: fragmentation and horizontal separation in lamellae at the free edge clawsĭamage to the claw matrix (e.g., trauma, inflammation) will result in abnormal rates of growth and/or the production of abnormal keratin which is clinically manifest as softer, drier, brittle and/or more friable claw plate that will more readily split. Onycholysis: separation of claw attachment starting distally and progressing proximally Onychogryphosis: hypertrophy and abnormal curvature of claws Onychodystrophy/ onychodysplasia: abnormal claw formation Paronychia: inflammation or infection of claw folds The most commonly used terms to describe pathological changes of the claw include: The claw fold is that fold of skin which covers the proximal dorsal and lateral portion of the claw. ![]() When claw plates are lost, time from the initiation of regrowth to the need for trimming may be 6–9 months. Claw growth is noted to average 1–2 mm/week. Fastest claw growth occurs in the matrix area and central dorsal ridge of the claw, resulting in its downward curve. The majority of claw plate growth occurs in the claw matrix, that area of the claw plate that extends up under the crescent-shaped dorsal ungual process at the proximal end of P3. The dermis (quick, corium) covering P3 supports the epidermis on its outer surface which produces the keratinocytes that become the horn-like material called the claw (nail) plate and ventrally, the claw sole. The claw of the dog and cat is a modified extension of the skin (both epidermis and dermis) covering phalanx 3 (P3). Most of these diseases do not significantly affect claw plate morphology. Those that involve the claw folds are quite common and are usually an extension from a more generalized pododermatitis. ![]() Diseases that specifically target the claws are uncommon to rare.
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